Caught in the middle: bottom-up and top-down processes impacting recruitment in a small pelagic fish

Top-down and bottom-up processes in speech comprehension.

Speech comprehension includes both bottom-up and top-down processes, and imaging studies have isolated a frontal-temporal network of brain areas active during speech perception. However, the precise role of the various areas in this network during normal speech comprehension is not yet fully understood. In the present fMRI study, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of spoken sentences was varied in...

Bottom-up, top-down

Top-down, Middle-out, and Bottom-up Processes: A Cognitive Perspective of Teaching and Learning Economics

The pedagogical value of graphical representations and analyses (GR and GA) in economics education is examined in a framework of top-down and bottom-up processes of thinking.We argue, with the support of two illustrative examples, that they are useful to the extent that they provide bridges between economic theories and facts.We also note that over-reliance on GR and GA may lead to misconceptio...

Bottom-Up Beats Top-Down

In PEPA, the calculation of the transitions enabled by a process accounts for a large part of the time for the state space exploration of the underlying Markov chain. Unlike other approaches based on recursion, we present a new technique that is iterative—it traverses the process’ binary tree from the sequential components at the leaves up to the root. Empirical results shows that this algorith...

Block Copolymer Lithography : Merging “ Bottom - Up ” with “ Top - Down ” Processes

As the size scale of device features becomes ever smaller, conventional lithographic processes become increasingly more difficult and expensive, especially at a minimum feature size of less than 45 nm. Consequently, to achieve higher-density circuits, storage devices, or displays, it is evident that alternative routes need to be developed to circumvent both cost and manufacturing issues. An ide...